Crispin: Cross of Lead

 

David Singapogu

 

Essay Six Template

 

Crispin: Cross of Lead

 

 

Have you ever been forced to make a very hard decision in a very small amount of time? In the book Crispin: Cross of Lead, Crispin was forced to make one of these situations. Everyone agrees that a massive decision was presented to Crispin, however some believe that Crispin was wise in running away, while others disagree and say that he was quite foolish in running away

 

Crispin was wise in running away for three reasons. He should obey what his dead mentors would want, He should not trust bear, and He should look forward to a future that awaits him.

 

The first reason Crispin was wise in running away is that he should obey what his dead would want. Crispin should obey his Father, Mother, and his priest, Father Quinell.

 

The second reason Crispin was wise in running away is that Bear was not trustworthy. Crispin would be even more wanted because of Bear. Bear is part of the revolt. And Bear would get Crispin in trouble.

 

The third and final reason Crispin was wise in running away is that Crispin has a whole future ahead of him. It was as if his whole thrilling, joyful life had been brought to a screeching halt and now, he had to dance to Bear’s tunes! Crispin is old enough to live on his own, Crispin has potential, and Crispin had no future with Bear.

 

However, others disagree with me and argue that Crispin was Quite foolish in running away, saying, “Bear loved Crispin and was like a father to him” They argue that Bear treated him like a son and desired to help him and he would greatly miss him if he left. This argument is invalid because Bear just wanted to have company, and if you don’t know how to leave things behind, you will never get anywhere in life.

 

They also might debate that There is great risk in running away. There are many dangerous things outside, and Crispin could easily get lost in the streets. This argument is also quite absurd because There will always be risks in life no matter how hard you try, why, Staying with Bear could very well be even more dangerous. And taking risks is part of the fun of life, as Finn McMissile said in Cars 2,“You never feel more alive than when you are almost dead.”

 

Neither the danger of making this decision, nor the fact that he would be destroying a valuable relationship make up for the opportunities that he would lose if he did not run away.

 

Crispin was wise in running away because he should obey what his dead mentors would want. Bear is not trustworthy. And Crispin had a whole future in front of him. This matter to everyone because making big decisions is a very important skill

 

The Bronze Bow

 

David S

 

Essay Template Six

 

The Bronze Bow                     

 

 

Have you ever had to make a decision where part of it helped you, while the other part wasn’t your favorite? In the book The Bronze Bow, Daniel had to make one of these such decisions. Everyone agrees that Daniel went down the mountain to visit his sister and his grandmother, however some people believe that he was right in going down while others believe that he was quite foolish in doing so.

 

The first reason Daniel did the right thing in going down the mountain is that he needed some fresh air. Daniel was living in the mountain so long without any source of information from the world that he would become like a hermit. He would become consumed by his anger for the romans with nobody to talk it through with. And he would go insane and become uncivilized.

 

The second reason Daniel did the right thing in going down the mountain is that His sister and his grandmother needed him. They would die without Daniel’s help. It was Daniel’s job as a man to help his family. And there was no one else who could help them. Daniel should have been living in the urban village with his family, but he was living in a rural mountain.

 

The Third and final reason Daniel did the right thing in going down the mountain is that he would eventually meet Jesus. Jesus would help Daniel think about the romans correctly. Jesus cares about Daniel and he loves him. Since Daniel had no father or mother and he was not around his siblings, he was not loved by anyone and this created in him a hard, cold, and unforgiving personality. The last reason is that Jesus was the most important person in the world. Going down the mountain would give Daniel a front-row seat for some of Jesus’ most legendary miracles that would change his life forever.

 

Some people say that it was a burden to Daniel, they would make him feel bad for them and then he would have to keep coming down the mountain. However, this reason Is inadequate because it is good for Daniel to go down once in a while and meet up with his friends. In fact, it was as if they were doing him a favor without him even knowing it.

 

Another common argument they use is that Daniel has a job in the mountains and needed to do that. However, this reason is inadequate because Daniel could set up a shop in the village and work there.

 

Neither the fact that Daniel might have to keep going there repeatedly, nor all the work he would have to catch up on when he went back to the mountains make up for the other things he would miss out on if he did not go down to the village.

 

Daniel did right thing in going down the mountain because he could get fresh air, help his family, and meet Jesus. This matters to nobody because nobody would care.

 

 

 

 

The Ancient Philosopher Who Influences Modern Astronomers

David Singapogu

8/12/21

Challenge B Astronomy

The Ancient Philosopher Who Influences Modern Astronomers

                Hipparchus of Rhodes was an extremely influential astronomer whose impact is relevant even to this day. His scientific contributions are used even to this day! He developed a star catalog in order to explain what Nicholas Copernicus later called “The precesion of the equinoxes”. He also was able to accurately predict the distances between different terrestrial objects, which, considering the era and the technology they had is astounding!

            It is even possible that he made the very first trigonometry table! He introduced the idea of a 360˚ angle. Hipparchus created a stellar magnitude scale the we still use today! Hipparchus helped changed Greece from viewing math as an idealistic art to the precise arithmetic that we know to today. Not surprisingly he left a huge impact on the fields of math and astronomy.

                        But it didn’t just stop there! Other astronomers built off the work of Hipparchus! His ideas played a huge part in Ptolemy’s “Almagest”, Apollonius used his work to create a lunar model, and Philoponus helped us learn more about projectile motion through Hipparchus’ work. Even the famed astronomers Galileo and Nicholas Copernicus work was greatly based off of Hipparchus’s work! Since his discoveries Hipparchus’s work has helped us to have a better understanding of the great world god made for us!

 

Trimble, Virginia, et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York, United States, Springer Publishing, 2007.

"Hipparchus." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 Feb. 2021. library-eb-com.proxy.andersonlibrary.org/levels/referencecenter/article/Hipparchus/40534. Accessed 9 Aug. 2021.

 

"Hipparchus." Britannica Library, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Mar. 2015. library-eb-com.proxy.andersonlibrary.org/levels/youngadults/article/Hipparchus/326371. Accessed 9 Aug. 2021.

 

Means, Richard. “Hipparchus.” Hipparchus, Aug. 2017, pp. 1–2. EBSCOhost, scsl.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=discus&url=http://http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=21958661&site=eds-live.

Alexander Raymond Jones. “Hipparchus.” Britannica Biographies, Mar. 2012, p. 1. EBSCOhost, scsl.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=discus&url=http://http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=32412939&site=eds-live.

 

 

 

Science Fair

 

Best Hand Soap for Effective Handwashing and Killing Bacteria

Kiran David Singapogu

 

I.               RESEARCH PROBLEM

The spread of COVID-19 has made us more conscious of our need to be clean.  For most of us, this means prioritizing the washing of our hands with soap and water regularly.  Recently during the process of washing my hands, it crossed my mind that there are many variables that could play a part in the effectiveness of this process. 

 

II.              RESEARCH QUESTION

 

I wonder what handwashing products are most effective for killing bacteria?

 

III.            BACKGROUND RESEARCH

 

In 1864, Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis, while working a hospital maternity ward, discovered that when a handwashing regimen was implemented, death rates dropped.  Unfortunately, other doctors disliked the practice of handwashing and boycotted it.  During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale implemented procedures for sanitization including handwashing.  This lead to improved health for wounded soldiers. Gradually, the public has become more aware of the need for handwashing.  However, it wasn’t until relatively recently, in the 1980’s, that there has been a widescale push for general handwashing when the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention endorsed hand hygiene guidelines which have been increasingly understood and implemented by the public.

 

Handwashing products such as hand soap, hand sanitizer and antibacterial handwipes work by killing the bacteria.  Antibacterial hand soap breaks the outer layer of the bacteria and kills it.  It is then rinsed off with running water.  Hand sanitizer works by shaking up the bacteria and viruses and bacteria on the surface of our skin in almost the same way an earthquake demolishes a building.  The viral and bacterial particles are still present on the surface of our hands but are no longer living because they have been broken apart. 

The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention provides guidance and recommendations for general handwashing. It is recommended that individuals wash their hands before and after eating, or preparing food, after using the bathroom, and in a variety of other situations.  They provide the following guidelines for effective handwashing:

1.     Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.

2.     Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.

3.     Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.

4.     Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.

5.     Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

 

IV.             HYPOTHESIS

 

Cleaning hands with liquid antibacterial hand soap and water, will be the superior method for handwashing compared to handwashing using bar soap, vinegar, hand sanitizer or antibacterial wipes.

 

V.             PROCEDURE

 

1.     Take six pre-poured sterilized petri dishes.  Using a Sharpie marker, label each petri dish with a number one through six.

2.     Take petri dish labeled one and touch with unwashed hands.

3.     Wash hands for twenty seconds (using a timer) following CDC recommendations.

4.     With left hand, touch a light switch, doorknob, writing utensil, tabletop and chair frame making maximum contact with each object.

5.     Wash hands for twenty seconds (using a timer) following above CDC recommendations using liquid antibacterial hand soap. Allow hands to air dry.

6.     Touch petri dish number two using left hand thumb, index finger and middle finger, making maximum possible contact.

7.     Repeat steps fourteen through sixteen for four more trials and wash hands using: bar soap, vinegar, hand sanitizer and antibacterial hand wipes and use petri dishes three through six.

8.     Cover petri dishes with lids and place in a clean box. Store in a clean, dry location away from sunlight.

9.     Observe and photograph at noon daily.  

 

VI.             MATERIALS LIST

1.      Six petri dishes

2.     Sharpie

3.     Timer

4.     Light switch

5.     Doorknob

6.     Writing utensil

7.     Tabletop

8.     Chair

9.     Liquid antibacterial hand soap

10.  Bar soap

11.  Vinegar

12.  Hand sanitizer

13.  Antibacterial wipes

 

VII.          RISK AND SAFETY

 

While cultures are growing, petri dishes will be tightly sealed and stored in a controlled environment so that no cultures are released into the environment.

 

It is critical to dispose of used petri dishes properly.  In order to destroy any cultures on petri dishes a small amount of bleach solution will be applied prior to disposal. 

 

VIII.         DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

 

I will take pictures of each sample on the hour for seven days. At the end of seven days, I will assess the growth of cultures using two methods.  First, I will visually observe each petri dish and count how many different kinds of cultures are visible and record the number in a table.  Second, I will visually observe each petri dish and assess the percentage of the dish that is covered in visible growth.  I will record the results in a table.  After assessing all handwashing agents by (1) visible number of cultures and (2) percentage of coverage, I will calculate the final score of each handwashing agent.

 

IX.            BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

“Survey Reveals U.S. Handwashing Trends.” Professional Safety, vol. 65, no. 2, Feb 2020, p. 9.

Hunter, Beatrice Trum. “So, How Important Is Hand Washing?” Consumers’ Research Magazine, vol. 83, no. 4, Apr. 2000, p. 23.

Munson, Marty. “5 Myths About Hand Washing.” Prevention, vol. 70, no. 11, Nov. 2018, pp. 42-45.

Samonte, Pamela Rose V., and rhea U Vallente. Hand Hygiene Compliance.” Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health,  2020.

Freeman, Matthew C., and Bethany A. Carusco. “Comment on ‘Global Access to Handwashing: Implications for COVID-19 Control in Low-Income Contries.’” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 128, no. 9, Sept. 2020.

“Improper Handwashing Spreads Bacteria.” USA Today Magazine, vol. 147, no 2879, Aug. 2018, pp. 4-5.

“Hand Sanitizer.” Britannica School,  Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Aug. 2019.

“The Global Handwashing Partnership.” Go to The Global Handwashing Partnership., 2017, globalhandwashing.org/about-handwashing/history-of-handwashing/.

“When and How to Wash Your Hands.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Nov. 2020, www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html.

 

 

X.              ANALYSIS OF DATA OR RESULTS

According to my experiments, vinegar performed best compared to other cleaning agents for handwashing. Hand sanitizer and wipes tied as the second most effective cleaning agents. Liquid hand soap was the third most effective cleaning agent and bar soap was the least effective cleaning agent.  As expected, unwashed hands performed poorest in my experiment. 

	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3	Average
Unwashed hands	9	9	7	8.33
Liquid Hand soap	5	3	5	4.33
Bar Soap	6	7	8	7
Vinegar	5	2	5	4
Hand Sanitizer	4	5	4	4.33
Wipes	3	6	3	4

 

 

 

	Number of cultures	Percentage of coverage	Final score
Unwashed hands	4	6	5
Liquid Hand soap	2	4	3
Bar Soap	3	5	4
Vinegar	1	1	1
Hand Sanitizer	2	2	2
Wipes	1	3	2

 

 

	Trial 1	Trial 2	Trial 3	Average
Unwashed hands	95%	90%	80%	88.3%
Liquid Hand soap	90%	15%	90%	65%
Bar Soap	85%	50%	95%	77%
Vinegar	45%	15%	75%	45%
Hand Sanitizer	50%	15%	95%	53%
Wipes	30%	55%	80%	55%

 

 

XI.            CONCLUSIONS

My hypothesis was that cleaning hands with liquid antibacterial hand soap and water would be the superior method for handwashing compared to handwashing using bar soap, vinegar, hand sanitizer or antibacterial wipes. My results contradicted my hypothesis.

 

My experiment went smoothly and I didn’t encounter any major problems.  More trials would have helped to provide more precise results.  Additionally, it would have been helpful to view my cultures under a microscope in order to more precisely identify and quantify them. 

 

I would like to thank Mrs. Angie Mullinax and my parents for their assistance with this research.